Tokunoshima phonology

The following is the phonology of the Kametsu dialect, which is based on Hirayama et al. (1986).

Consonants
Notes
 * The null phoneme /'/ may be added. It is contrasted with glottal and.
 * is before  and, and  before  and.
 * is new and infrequent.
 * , and  are realized as,  and , respectively.
 * is before  and, and  elsewhere.
 * ,, and  are phonemically analyzed as , ,  and , respectively.
 * ,, and  are phonemically analyzed as , ,  and , respectively.
 * , and  are phonemically analyzed as,  and , respectively.

Vowels
Tokunoshima has, , , , , and.

Correspondences to Standard Japanese
Only major sound correspondences are listed.
 * Standard Japanese mostly corresponds to.
 * Standard Japanese is merged into.
 * Tokunoshima, and  are of secondary origin and mostly correspond to Standard Japanese diphthongs.
 * Standard Japanese and  corresponds to Tokunoshima  and, respectively.
 * Standard Japanese  and,   and , and  and  are merged into , , and , respectively.
 * The fusion of two consecutive morae resulted in glottalized consonants in Tokunoshima.