Jamaican Patois phonology

Accounts of basilectal Jamaican Patois postulate around 21 phonemic consonants and between 9 and 16 vowels.


 * The status of as a phoneme is dialectal: in western varieties, it is a full phoneme and there are minimal pairs ( 'hit' and  'eat'); in central and eastern varieties, the presence of  in a word is in free variation with no consonant so that the words for 'hand' and 'and' (both underlyingly ) may be pronounced  or.
 * The palatal stops and  are considered phonemic by some accounts and phonetic by others.  For the latter interpretation, their appearance is included in the larger phenomenon of phonetic palatalization.

Examples of palatalization include:
 * → →  ('a quarter quart (of rum)')
 * → →  ('guard')
 * → →  ('weak')

Voiced stops are implosive whenever in the onset of prominent syllables (especially word-initially) so that ('beat') is pronounced  and  ('good') as.

Before a syllabic, the contrast between alveolar and velar consonants has been historically neutralized with alveolar consonants becoming velar so that the word for 'bottle' is and the word for 'idle' is.

Jamaican Patois exhibits two types of vowel harmony; peripheral vowel harmony, wherein only sequences of peripheral vowels (that is,, , and ) can occur within a syllable; and back harmony, wherein and  cannot occur within a syllable together (that is,  and  are allowed but  and  are not). These two phenomena account for three long vowels and four diphthongs: