Torwali phonology

Although descriptions of Torwali phonology have appeared in the literature, some questions still remain unanswered.

Vowels
Edelman's analysis, which was based on Grierson and Morgenstierne, shows nasal counterparts to at least and also found a series of central (reduced?) vowels, transcribed as: $⟨ä⟩$, $⟨ü⟩$, $⟨ö⟩$.

Lunsford had some difficulty determining vowel phonemes and suggested there may be retracted vowels with limited distribution: (which may be ),. Retracted or retroflex vowels are also found in Kalash-mondr.

Consonants
The phonemic status of the breathy voiced series is debatable.

Sounds with particularly uncertain status are marked with a superscript question mark.