Punjabi phonology

The long vowels (the vowels with ) also have nasal analogues.

Tone
Punjabi has three phonemically distinct tones that developed from the lost murmured (or "voiced aspirate") series of consonants. Phonetically the tones are rising or rising-falling contours and they can span over one syllable or two, but phonemically they can be distinguished as high, mid, and low.

A historical murmured consonant (voiced aspirate consonant) in word initial position became tenuis and left a low tone on the two syllables following it:  "horse". A stem-final murmured consonant became modally voiced and left a high tone on the two syllables preceding it:  "October". A stem-medial murmured consonant which appeared after a short vowel and before a long vowel became modally voiced and left a low tone on the two syllables following it:  "to have something lit". Other syllables have mid tone.